Are Universities Cartels Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The availability of products in the education market is directly correlated to pricing. Defining products and units of output is directly related to pricing. Market forces in the education market are overcoming the significance of collusion theory and competition is rising. Pricing is an important aspect in the education market in the United States. In the study of education market in US, definition of productions and units of output affects competitiveness and brand equity profoundly (Dodgson et al 2009). Cartels within the traditional university systems face direct challenges from virtual universities (Kreps 2004). The education market is increasingly becoming competitive leading to reduced prices in traditional degree programs as new programs take the center stage (Newman et al 2004). Programs and units are packaged in affordable and convenient methods e g the decrease in the cost of traditional courses and demand in virtual courses grows. (Dodgson et al 2009). Careful decisions are focusing on the nature of courses offered and the place of offering them. The universities are getting involved in corporate social responsibility. Technology has overcome geographical barriers through electronic learning (Tschang & Della 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Are Universities Cartels or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The modern US universities are developing other responsive measures of raising revenues and quality of services in an increasingly competitive education market. In conclusion, the American education market is experiencing reforms in product definition and output units. This is an effort to respond to the dynamic nature of the American education market arising to increasingly stiff competition. Product definitions have altered the market forces as cartels appear to be losing market share to the market entrants. c. Is competition in the education market a good thing? Use economic concepts seen in the lecture to explain your answer. Competition is rivalry among different universities to gain market share. Competition is a major characteristic of the liberal markets. As oligopoly declines, competition in the American education market is rising. This is because of the economic impact of the competitive and for-profit learning institutions in the education market. Competition is leading to numerous gains to the targeted markets (Newman et al 2004). The traditional universities have depended on collusion. Collusion refers to the case where traditional universities undertake actions that minimize a competitive response. The traditional universities have been heavily dependent on tacit collusion because of the large market education market they control.

Nutrition Case Studies - 1534 Words

Please read the following case studies and answer the questions which follow them. The questions may have several right answers; I am looking to see if you have put some thought into the assignment and that you give accurate information in your responses. Please email your answers to me by June 24. If you have any questions about this assignment, please email me before June 24. Case Study 1 Randy, age 36, and his whole family love football. They love to play football and to watch football. Randy played football in college, but now that he has a job at a law firm working many hours, he just plays every once in a while on a Saturday. In college he was in great shape and could eat anything he wanted. Now he†¦show more content†¦More vegtables, fruits, low-fat dairy and whole grains, poultry and fish could do the trick. Reducing his saturated fat intake can help. 3. Is there anything else that Ben could do to reduce his risk? While Ben is stressed out with work, its just a job and it no reason to put your health at rish. If hes that stressed out that hes turning to food and smoking, he should promote his energies to something positive, that will have a healthy outcome, like exercising. 4. What suggestions could you give Ben to have healthier habits while traveling? Opt. for more healthy choices on the road, or pack a lunch to go on the plane, and make it a point to eat more than once a day, with the correct foods. Make time to exercise at the gym in the hotel, and quit smoking. Case Study 4 Gayle is 25 and has always been conscientious about her health. She has always struggled with her weight but has been able to maintain her current weight for about 3 years (55 and 157 pounds). But, Gayle does feel like she is in good shape and goes to the gym or exercises outside 4-5 times a week for 30-60 minutes depending on how much time she has. Gayle just graduated from college and has just started teaching at an elementary school. She is a vegetarian so brings her lunch with herShow MoreRelatedNutrition Case Study1159 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, there were some controversies on the inverse correlation between magnesium and the risk of hypertension (67, 68). One review suggested that the effect of dietary intake of Mg on BP reduction is stronger than supplementation (63). However, no studies have reported adverse effects for Mg supplementation. Cardiovascular events and risk factors It was indicated an inverse association between low serum Mg and C-reactive protein, Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC), as well as Carotid Intima-Media ThicknessRead MoreTpn Nutrition Case Study1274 Words   |  6 Pagest has been pointed out that there is a possibility of deficiencies in trace elements during TPN nutrition control procedures without the addition of trace elements, and, in fact, in several foreign countries have developed TPN solutions containing plural trace elements for the purposes of therapy. (9) In this studied we applied a TPN solution to a group of rats with a trace element deficient diet and compared it with a group of rats with a TPN diet supplemented with iron, zinc, copper, manganeseRead MoreItec Nutrition Case Study8549 Words   |  35 Pagesprotien is a measure of how effectively a protein can meet the body’s biological need. Eggs have a BV of 100 making them the best protien souce in the human diet. Protien is essential for growth and repair of cel ls and this is more significant in johans case as she is prone to falls and looses nutrients frequently through diaroagh. Eggs are an excellant source of protein especially tryptophan and the B vitamins notably choline and a very good source of selenium, iodine, and vitamin B2 and a goodRead MoreMedical Nutrition Therapy : A Case Study Approach2407 Words   |  10 PagesName: Sarah Neary Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Case Study Approach 4th ed. Case 18 – Chronic Kidney Disease Treated with Dialysis Instructions: Please complete each question listed below. Be thorough in answering these questions. With any calculations, please show your work. Use any resources available to complete these questions, but chapter 18 of your textbook will help you complete this assignment. Make sure to look up any unfamiliar terms or concepts. Answers can be typed directly intoRead MoreMedical Nutrition Therapy : A Case Study Approach2097 Words   |  9 PagesName: Sarah Neary Medical Nutrition Therapy: A Case Study Approach 4th ed. Case 26 – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Instructions: Please complete each question listed below. Be thorough in answering these questions. With any calculations, please show your work. Use any resources available to complete these questions, but chapter 21 of your textbook will help you complete this assignment. Make sure to look up any unfamiliar terms or concepts. Answers can be typed directlyRead MoreCase Analysis : Shawn Buckley And Rudy Poe ( Partner ) Open Justfoodfordogs ( Jffd )1155 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Analysis Introduction Shawn Buckley (founder) and Rudy Poe (partner) open JustFoodForDogs (JFFD) in January 2011 in the context of Newport Beach, California to facilitate production and selling of the human quality healthy food for the dogs. In 2013, the two partners sought to expand the operations of their business through opening a second location in West Hollywood, California. In the midst of the limited knowledge of the local market in the new location, the two business partners questionedRead MoreEating Disorders And Body Image Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reel have conducted and published several studies of their own relating to the issues of eating disorders and body image. Reel herself has published over twenty manuscripts and fifty international presentations over the special issue of eating disorders (Reel 1). Not only has Beals published several research articles and a book but she also serves as the director of the Nutrition clinic at the University of Utah and specializes in Sports Nutrition and Eating Disorders (Reels 1). This informationRead More`` Not For Iv Use : The Story Of An Enteral Tubing Misconnection1143 Words   |  5 PagesChosen for root cause analysis is case study number 18, titled â€Å"Not for IV Use: The Story of an Enteral Tubing Misconnection† from the book Case Studies in Patient Safety: Foundations for Core Competencies. Root cause analysis is a process whereby error producing system factors are identified and reviewed to assist in the formatting and implementation of solutions to prevent similar errors from reoccurrence (Wachter, 2012). This accounting of the patient’s experience located in the Systems-BasedRead MoreMusculoskeletal Markers On The Shoulders1955 Words   |  8 Pages weight, and other traits of the person they are analyzing. When it comes to sex of an individual studies have found that the stress marking in males tends to be greater in males than that of females. This does not always show to be true as wi ll be explained further in the reading. Identification: Culture can play a key component of being able to identify certain traits of a skeleton. Many studies have shown that the differences in stress marking between males and females can be effected by theRead MoreStudents Guide4962 Words   |  20 PagesMarketing mix New product development Organisational functions Pre-issued Case Studies Quantitative and Qualitative market research Recruitment Stakeholders Training Unseen Case Studies View all the latest www.tt100.biz Xchange ideas You ZZZZZZZzzzzz 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 For more information log on to www.tt100.biz/students Listings Visit www.tt100.biz for Case Studies on these topics from the following organisations. Aims and objectives

Ethan Frome Lit Crit Free Essays

Marxism is mainly about money and If you don’t have money then your not happy and you will be unhappy because you wont have as much as you would like. The narrator needed a ride to his work and he couldn’t find anyone someone told him about Ethan, that he will do anything to make a buck. The narrator asked Ethan and he ended up saying yes because he needed the money. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethan Frome Lit Crit or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Ethan came back from law school, for good, his mother hired Keenan to take care of her but then people started talking and he felt obligated to marry Keenan In the end. When Ethane’s mother died she was worried about money ND what Ethane’s dad had done. Ethan worked In his lumber limb that he had and did anything to get a few bucks here and there. Since Keenan â€Å"always† got sick, since Ethane’s mother died, she would spend most of their money to pay for her medical bills and medication. Instead of paying a maid to come and work for them Keenan was able to get Mattie to help her for free because Mattie didn’t have anyone after her parents died except her cousin Keenan. The first time Ethan picked up Mattie to him It felt like love at first sight when they first met her. Even though It was love at iris sight he TLD realize that It was going to be another person to feed even with the little money he was making from the lumber limb. Financially he had to make a way to provide to feed an extra person. Ever since Ethan met Mattie and when they would hang out he felt less stress about money. He kept wanting to leave with Mattie but never could because he couldn’t leave Keenan just like that. He was afraid of what people might look at it. If Ethan was able to leave Keenan Just like the man who left his wife for his mistress he would. As much as he wanted to do so he felt bad to leave ere after all he did bring her to the house and now he’s Just going to leave her with a house with bills that she couldn’t afford to pay and she wouldn’t able to sell it. The economy was down in town and people weren’t able to pay for or buy a house. The economy was down to a point where people were barely making it. Jobs were being lost. Some people couldn’t afford a lot of food because they needed to have a house. This relates to Ethan From because Ethan was one of those people who couldn’t make a lot of money. Ethan had trouble getting Just a little extra cash on the side Just o afford something for themselves. Ethan From Is a good example of Marxism because it shows that people of the lower class are always unhappy unless they have money with them. In this book it tells you that money is what makes people happy. If people didn’t have money they would be stressing out and have house situations. The economy is based on money. Money keeps the economy going and when it goes down everybody struggles to make a living. Ethan From showed a form AT Marxism Decease social class. Outnumber ten story people Autocue mainly on money Ana t How to cite Ethan Frome Lit Crit, Papers

Gun Control Critical Paper free essay sample

Critical Thinking 9/1/10 Critical Paper-Gun Control Gun control is government regulation on the manufacture, sale, and possession of firearms. As a heavily debated and very controversial matter, many advocates undoubtedly have different opinions. In the forthcoming paragraphs, I will discuss those differing opinions. Presented from two separate articles, the opinions discussed will be those of two different authors who have their own viewpoint as to why gun control is or isn’t necessary. In Russ Thurman’s article, â€Å"Guns up. Crime down. Anti-gun mum. † he discusses how anti-gun advocates have had nothing to say about facts revealing that with more people owning guns, crime rates have gotten lower. (â€Å"During the past six months, studies have shown that while gun ownership is at an all-time high, violent crime is at a 30 year low†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) The article is clearly structured and easy to read. Although wanting to prove a point to anti-gun and pro-gun control advocates, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control Critical Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thurman avoids the use of slang, jargon, angry words or vagueness. Nor does he appear to â€Å"lash out† at the other side. He simply states straight to the point facts with clear and valid evidence. He denounces anti-gun and pro-gun control advocates theme-â€Å"guns equal crime†-with supportive evidence. Drawing statistics from The National Academy of Sciences, the Centers for Disease Control and the U. S. Department of Justice, Mr. Thurman proves wrong, a high belief of pro-gun control advocates, that government restrictions on firearms reduces gun violence. He found that studies done by the Centers of Disease Control show that there is no meaningful proof that gun control efforts have any affect on crime control. In addition, he goes on to prove that those restrictions also do not reduce gun crime, gun violence or gun accidents. If my research is correct, I believe Mr. Thurman’s influence comes from being ex-military and having experienced a war. The same is said for his perception on the matter. His view is: not having a gun makes you defenseless. The fact that he has experienced life or death situations and has had to use a gun to protect himself, leads me to believe that these are the reasons he is so adamant about owning a gun for protection. In the article, â€Å"Lets lay down our right to bear arms. † author Tom Plate sees no need for guns at all. He feels that the use of the guns is the only way Americans solve conflicts. No matter that it is our right to own a gun, Mr. Plate deems it an unnecessary one. He believes that fewer guns would result in fewer deaths from people pulling the trigger. His article has a somewhat sarcastic tone when he makes references to the law and the people’s decision to appreciate it. â€Å"Our famous Constitution, about which many of us are generally so proud, enshrines along with the right to freedom of speech, press, religion and assembly-the right to own guns. Thats an apples and oranges list if there ever was one. †) His references to the Virginia Tech shooting and the murder of late Beatles member John Lennon seem to be his basis for the need to get rid of guns. Instead of focusing on the people behind the guns used, this type of propaganda is what Mr. Plate uses as a way to denounce pro-gun and anti-gun control advocates’ mantra, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people. Since he doesn’t provide clear evidence for his reasoning, I think some of the remarks he made should have been left out. For example, at one point he makes it sound like Americans carry guns just for the heck of it. He claims that carrying one is not on, albeit a nonexistence, Mature List of Notable Cultural Accomplishments. What does this mean? Is he saying Americans are immature for choosing to carry a gun? Mr. Plate’s influence and perception of not owning a gun may come from his personal experience of being robbed at gunpoint. Sure he is justified in believing that this might not have happened if the robber didn’t have a gun or access to one. But it also could have been halted had he had one of his own. He believes he wasn’t shot because of his ‘surrendering’. Again, if he owned his own gun, he’d have survived from ‘defending himself’. Even though he faced a near-death experience, Mr. Plate still believes, â€Å"we need to get rid of our guns. † That’s amazing because after such an experience, most people would feel it’s time to get one.

Aborition essays

Aborition essays Many have pondered upon the meaning of abortion. The argument being that every child born should be wanted, and others who believe that every child conceived should be born (Sass vii). This has been a controversial topic for years. Many people want to be able to decide the destiny of others. Everyone in the United States is covered under the United States constitution, and under the 14th Amendment women have been given the choice of abortion. In 1973, Harry A. Blackmun wrote the majority opinion that it's a women's right to have an abortion. Roe v. Wade legalized abortion. Even though these people have been given the right, the case is not closed. Pro-life activists carry a strong argument, and continue to push their beliefs. They feel so strongly about these beliefs that violence has broken out in some known instances. Pro-choice activists, on the other hand, also carry very strong points. They believe that the child inside them is their property and it's life doesn't be until birth. In 1973, the United States Supreme Court decided that as long as the baby lived in the womb, he or she would be the property of the mother. Because of this decision almost every third baby conceived in America is killed by abortion, over one and a half million babies a year (Willke vii). Many countries have followed our decision on the abortion issue and some of these include Canada, England, and France. Other countries still believe abortion should be illegal, they include Germany, Ireland, and New Zealand. Although many believe that abortion is a women's choice, abortion should be banned because its immoral and life begins at conception. Abortion is the choice of a women whether or not she want's to receive one. Under the 14th Amendment's "personal liberty" women are given the right to receive an abortion. The 14th Amendment's concept of "personal liberty" and restrictions on state action is enough to ...

Health promotion programs examples Essays

Health promotion programs examples Essays Health promotion programs examples Essay Health promotion programs examples Essay Ideally, there are clear similarities and differences between a private and publicly funded health promotion programs. In public hospitals, for example, the numbers of patients seeking for healthcare are more as opposed to private hospitals. The difference in the populations of patients in the public hospitals is because the services are relatively cheaper as compared to a private organization (Whitsel, 2017). In this essay, there will be expositions of the similarities and difference between health promotion programs funded by private and public bodies. Difference betweenhealth promotion programs Ideally, the customers differ in their perspectives regarding the quality of services they receive from private and public facilities. Ideally, a high-quality service in health facilities attracts an extra cost. The governance and ownerships of private healthcare are private. Consequently, the resources in a private health facility, for example, doctors, staff, and equipment are under the management of individuals. On the other hand, the government is responsible for funding and managing public hospitals. The supply of equipment, medicine, and health practitioners to the public facilities rely on government budgets (Whitsel, 2017). Ideally, most customers prefer private healthcare because of the perceptions that the services are of high quality. The patients belief that the private healthcare provides quality services because of well-trained personnel, and reliable equipment. It is apparent that the clients in private healthcare receive maximum attentions hence a high level of attent ions. The high quality services offered in the private hospitals is relatively expensive. It is a fact that the resource management and allocations are efficient in private hospitals. Ideally, most clients in the lower class cannot afford to pay for services in private facilities because quality service attracts an extra cost. In the public hospitals, the judges for service are relatively cheaper because of government subsidies (Whitsel, 2017). Ideally, in most communities, different people fall in diverse wealth statuses. The private disease prevention program focuses on quality and the returns from the service. For this reason, private organization divides the community into categories depending with financial statuses. The perspectives patients visiting public facilities are that the flow of services is slow but relatively cheaper as compared to the private programs. As a result, the private organization creates disparities in the community because most people cannot afford the quality but expensive services. In private facility, the ratio of service providers to that of the patients is favorable. The owners of health facilities respond appropriately to the demand services in the healthcare. Similarities ofhealth promotion programs Despite the difference in private and public healthcare, there are apparent similarities. Most of the disease preventions programs funded by governments and privates individuals embraced professionalism. In the case of health promotion and disease preventions, the facilitators in the publicly and privately funded programs are specialists (Yip, Hsiao, 2014). It is apparent that the goal of both public and private healthcare is to improve the public health. Ideally, there is a disparity in the quality of services in private and public healthcare because of the number of people they serve. Both private and public healthcare attempts to address disparities in the provision of services in the community. A disparity in provisions of services in private and public healthcare takes the form of gender, age, origin, and ethnicity (Yip, Hsiao, 2014). Notably, discrimination because of financial status and popularity are common in both the private and public organization. There is a tendency t o give attentions to dignitaries as in both public and privately funded health promotion programs. However, there are highly qualified doctors and resources in both public and private healthcare. Reference Whitsel, L. (2017). Governments Role in Promoting Healthy Lifestyle. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. Yip, W., ; Hsiao, W. (2014). Harnessing the privatisation of Chinas fragmented health-care delivery. The Lancet, 384(9945), 805-818.

Hydrogen as alternative energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hydrogen as alternative energy - Essay Example Apart from the abundance in the universe, hydrogen gas is in much less quantity in our planet. The reason for this difference is the less density of earth and low weight of hydrogen that aids it in excavating itself away from the earth’s atmosphere. It exists on earth in the form of hydrocarbons and in the water ( 2/3rd ratio of the earth), making H2 the 3rd largest found an element on earth. Hydrogen sources are methane and some bacteria and algae.According to an approximation, each 9/10 atoms in this universe are hydrogen. Hydrogen was discovered by a British fellow, Henry Cavendish in 1766, where he also proved hydrogen to be an integral part of water. Hydrogen combines with nearly every element of the periodic table, existing in nature in the form of sugars, alcohols, acids, fuels, carbonates, phenols, etc. The necessary element for fuel cells is hydrogen. Due its abundance and combinations with nearly every compound, hydrogen can be extracted from any of such compounds an d has the ability to provide as a source of green energy. The reason lies in the manufacturing process of hydrogen and its chemistry that enables green service. Now the question is where we can find hydrogen to run the fuel cells?Fuel cells usually come up with reformers or the hydrogen generators. The ultimate and everlasting solution of the problems lies in solar powered fuel stations. Methane producers and natural gas production can store hydrogen after it is formed as a raw product during extractions.

Case 9 Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Case 9 Discussion Questions - Essay Example Furthermore, there was no discussion of the target audience for which the renovations would take place. As was made obvious in the case study, the club itself is losing out on a powerful and important demographic of membership. As a means of attracting this demographic, the shareholders should be intimately aware of what types of improvements to the Hunt Room, if any, would engage this otherwise disenfranchised group of potential clients. A very important piece of information that should be sought prior to determining whether to remodel, shutter, or leave the Hunt Room as is relates to the feelings of the current clientele. Although the room itself is not necessarily generating a large share of profits for the club, it does fill an important niche and retain a level of happy and satisfied customers; therefore, attempting to poll these individuals as to the level of change they would like to see and incorporating these inputs in with layers of what would attract newer/younger patrons could be an effective win/win situation. Furthermore, performing such a level of market research is both easy to do and costs virtually nothing. With regards to how often a room should be reconcepted, this entirely depends on the clientele that avail themselves of the room, the level of brand image that is associated with the room, and the degree to which customers are not only loyal to the firm/organization/club, the food, or the management, but also the actual immutability of the room itself. For these reasons, providing a hard and fast rule with reference to a definite time period in which a given room should be reconcepted would be foolish to the litany of different business plans that exist which to a varying degree rely on the appeal of the unchanging nature of the setting itself as a prime selling point. Secondly, with regards to what makes restaurant concepts grow out of practice, it is the belief of this author that the style in

Implication of Global Warming on Organizational Leadership Essay - 1

Implication of Global Warming on Organizational Leadership - Essay Example Although the twentieth – century is still young, recently a variety events and concerns have surfaced that pose as major challenge for contemporary business world. In recent years, climate change has developed from being a fringe concern within the corporate world, addressed primarily through a company’s corporate and social responsibility, to an increasingly central topic for strategic deliberation and decision – making by executives and investors around the globe. Climate changes issues are among the most urgent global challenges in international business arena. The international environment issue attracted much more attention from politics, civil society, the media and business because of its actual and potential impact. With wide spread industrialization, the environmental impact of fossil fuels has taken centre stage in an international debate over the phenomenon known as global warming. The global warming affects several regions of the world adversely and hence industries around the world are at a major threat from environment. The responsibilities of MNCs with regard to global warming are huge and a strategic move from leaders of international business would make much difference. The Concept of Global Warming The phrase global warming has become familiar to many people as one of the most important environmental issue of our day. Human activities of all kinds whether in industry, in the field , or concerned with transport or the home are resulting in emission of increasing quantities of gas, in particular carbon – did- oxide, into the atmosphere. Every year these emissions currently add to the carbon already present in the atmosphere carbon dioxide a further seven thousand million tones, much of which is likely to remain there for a hundred years or more.

The Importance Of Water Treatment

The Importance Of Water Treatment Water is very important for human being and other living things. In human body, more than 70% are fluid such as blood and all these fluid are basically formed by water. Bone marrow needs water to generate blood then blood carries the oxygen from lung to whole body. Besides that, water can maintain humans body temperature and provide natural material with mineral. Water is not only essential for human body, it is also playing an important role in our daily life activities, examples like washing clothes and food, bathing for personal hygiene and acting as solvent for all cleaning reagent. Consequently, water industries refer to a problem solver in this situation. First of all, water industries are divided into three major types which are water purification, wastewater treatment and also the new type called desalination. For the water purification means purifying water to become the drinking water. Although natural water is drinkable for human but without any purification or method of killing gem, the natural water is harmful for human being nowadays. Purified water and natural water seems like no different when we look at it but sometimes we still smell the different, natural water might have some pungent smell. Natural water consists of a lot microorganism and bacteria inside it, just we cant observe it with our naked eyes. In addition, water pollution is getting serious thus purification is necessary to ensure the drinking water is clean and not harmful to our health. After that, another type of water industry which is very vital for the Mother of Nature is the wastewater treatment industry. Wastewater treatment refers to the processes of controlling the wastewater on Earth; this is the most important method to solve the water pollution. Wastewater is directing to the chemical wastewater from factories, wastewater from household and some water from polluted river or lake. The usage of wastewater treatment is to killing the gem/bacteria in the wastewater; remove solid impurities and odor smell. Irresponsible human behavior will make the wastewater treatment become more essential for the world. The new type of water industry is about the desalination. Desalination is a meaning of transforming the seawater or saltwater into pure water or drinking water. Due to the natural water on the land is getting lesser and the population of human is increasing, hence we found out a new method to produce normal water from seawater. Seawater source is so much on Earth, so this method is highly developing around the world. Seawater cannot consume by human because it consists of high salt component such as NaCl, this cause our body unaffordable to consume the seawater. Furthermore, we will discuss deeply about the process of water purification and desalination in this article. The importance of Desalination and water purification industry Water treatment process brings many importances to the society today. One of the importances of water treatment process is to ensure that water is more suitable to be used by industries and individuals. The purpose of water treatment process is to remove contaminations from water, so that it would be more suitable for it to be used. There are several processes that can be used to treat water such as filtration, disinfection that is majorly in use to clean water. Water is the key to a persons survival because without water survival is simply not an option. Hence, it is important to make sure water is purified in order to drink otherwise bacteria in the water can be harmful to your organs if drunk in normal consumption. According to a global research, a large number of people at their early ages die from water born diseases in most of the developing countries. Thus, it is very important to get the proper treatment of the water for a healthy living. Water treatment industry can be very helpful for the society today because they are saving the lives of many innocent human beings who die from fatal diseases such as cholera, typhoid which cause by consuming contaminated water. According to United Nations statistics, the worlds fresh water consumption since the 20th century increased by 6-7 times higher than the population growth rate of two times, around 1.4 billion people lack access to safe and clean drinking water, or an average of every 5 people who have a lack of water. So, the idea of desalination plays a major role to provide us the constant supply of water as the sea water is an unlimited resource. Sea water desalination process is actually done by converting salty sea water into fresh usable water. Further purification of the sea water after the desalination process can convert it into drinking water. These industries are important to ensure that there is enough water supply as the population is growing and growing rapidly. These are the major roles of the water treatment plants in. Water supply and demand Water is one of the most important resources in our life and it is the major Earths natural resources. However the freshwater supply in our earth is a control resource, which means the total amount of freshwater, is limited. Most of the worlds water supply is saltwater stored in the oceans. Converting saltwater to freshwater is generally too expensive to be used for domestic, industrial and other freshwater uses. About 97% of the water stored in the ocean is salt water. Only 3% of the worlds water supply is a freshwater where two-third out of the 3%, of that water is frozen, forming the polar ice caps, and icebergs. The remaining one-third of freshwater is available as either surface water or ground water; ground water accounts for two-thirds of this amount. Surface water is water that is visible above the ground surface, such as rivers, ponds and lakes. Ground water is water that either fills the spaces between soil particles or penetrates the cracks and spaces within rocks. The demand for water supply includes water consumption by the domestic, industrial, commercial and other sectors. In addition to this, the total amount of water that needs to be produced, and hence the total water demand includes provisions for water lost as a result of the leakages between the source (treatment plant) and the end users of consumers. Malaysia, like the rest of the world, is faced with a growing population. The population of Peninsular Malaysia will be more than double its size from 18.1 million in 2000 to 38 million in 2050 as reported in the National Water Resources Study (2000) thus the population growth and socio-economic development are currently driving a rapid increase in water demand. The government is now working on the creation of an industry structure to purified water that will ensure long-term sustainability of the water supply and sewerage services industry. Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities. Distilled water and deionised water have been the most common forms of purified water, but water can also be purified by other processes including reverse osmosis, carbon filtration, micro porous filtration. Prospect of water industry in Malaysia Nowadays, the water industry in Malaysia is filled of challenges. There is either too much, too little, polluted or inaccessible water to meet the needs of our nation. As the increasing of demand to the quality of life, peoples are pursuing for an abundance of safe, low cost and high quality water. Globally, more than 90% of water and sanitation systems are publicly owned and operated. However, a trend that industry experts acquired smaller utilities has been increasing. This phenomenon is called consolidation. There also was an increase in privatization-private companies that contract to operate or to purchase the public utilities. Moreover, many larger systems were investing in new testing and treatment methods. Under Malaysian conditions, erosion by water and the decay of nations of pipes that transport water into homes are the most significant. As pipes corrode, water pressure decreases and foreign materials such as bacteria and debris may enter the system. In order to reduce the negative health effects to humans, government officials flush out the water and add large doses of chlorine to eliminate contaminants. However, this is a short-term solution. Obviously, the countrys water-pipe system, much of which is over one hundred years old, needs a major overhaul. Increased privatization of the water system is being seriously considered to help alleviate the plight of countrys water as the government can receive funding for structural adjustment programs. This is because private water companies have a high potential of bringing efficiency, savings, and environmental responsibility to communities, cities and the country. Besides that, as we know that fresh water that is available for human use is just 1 percent of the total water supply, and that supply is dwindling as supply cannot keep pace with demand. Thus, the prospect of water industry may be focusing in the alternative to increase the freshwater. Since most of the earth water is seawater, desalination technology has arisen as a potential alternative to solve the problem of water shortage. Desalination has been present throughout the 125 countries and territories around the world, the worlds desalinated water to feed about 5% of the population. In fact, desalination is an excellent way to solve water shortage problems in many countries. This is indeed a strategic choice as its validity and reliability has been more widely recognized. Research indicates that the cost of producing water from desalination is often less than half that produced by the distillation method of processing water. Improvements in effienciency have led to reduce energy con sumption, cheaper processing costs and a superior product being produced. The Impact On the Environment As our world industrialised, water pollutions are getting serious. There are three main types of water pollutions caused by human activities, which are domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and agricultural wastewater. In these wastewaters, contain pathogens, detergents, toxic waste, chemical waste and heavy metals. These harmful chemicals not only poison aquatic organisms, also affect sources of drinking water, and pollute our environment. Toxic wastes, generally, are not easy to metabolise out of body of organisms. Wastes tend to bioaccumulate inside the organisms. The bioaccumulation of toxic wastes not only happen in single organism, but all members from food chains. The concentration of toxic wastes gets higher as the trophic level going up. Not only that, the agricultural wastewater contains fertilizer, pesticide and also the fungicide. These pollutants cause the eutrophication. It is caused by excessive nutrients in the wastewater, and it brings the algal blooms and red tide. These leads to fish kills as algaes consuming most of the oxygen in the water. In a nutshell, water pollution can lead to a lower biodiversity. The decrease of biodiversity means that the variation of life decreased, and it affects the balance of ecosystem. It is important to maintain the balance of ecosystem, species of organisms will decline if the ecosystem does not balance. It will be a bad circle. Water industry helps in collecting the wastewaters from different parts to the water treatment plants. Also, water industry helps in controlling the quality of water. Before discharging the wastewater back to our ecosystem, the water is treated so it reduces the effect toward the environment. It also improves the water quality which means that provides not only the better quality of life, and save the environment for the future. Furthermore, it maintains the balance of aquatic ecosystem. As the contaminated wastewater not flowing into river and the sea, the aquatic environment will be free of dangerous and toxic wastes. The world cannot stand without water industry. Water industry gives us a solution to the world, a hope to the future. Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is one of the water purification method that is popular in water treatment industry. Just as its name implies, water goes on the osmosis process another way. Normally, the solvent, which is water will go through the semipermeable membrane that having many tiny pores, from low solute concentration side to the high solute concentration side. However, for the reverse osmosis, a pressure is applied on the high solute concentration part. The pressure can be drove by electricity or it may get from the pressure exchanger. Thus, water molecules are forced to pass through the membrane to the low solute concentration side. By this way, clean water can be collected on the other side. There are three common membrane materials, which are polyamide thin film composites (TFC), cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose triacetate (CTA). In generally TFC membranes are stronger and more durable among these three membranes. CA and CTA give a better toleration to chlorine. For different purpose, specified membrane will be used. Reverse osmosis can be used in residential, commercial and industrial water filtration, also the seawater desalination. By this method, impurities in the water can be removed to clean water. These impurities include ions, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, and salts. This is because those impurities are larger than than the pores so they cannot pass through it. Water molecules are allowed to pass through the membrane as it is small enough. Impurities,yet will be left behind the membrane. The waste streams flow out and the pressure is high. Later, the streams go through the pressure exchanger to transfer the waste pressure to the low pressure fresh feed. Then, the low pressure fresh feed will be pressurised. The recycle of waste pressure can save the cost of running the reverse osmosis system. The water flowed out is now clean and ready for purpose of drinking or other uses. Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation Natural and waste water include small particulates. Coagulation and flocculation processes are intended to form particles large enough to be separated. The small particulates are suspended in water forming a colloid. The particles with the same charge repel with each other and this prevents them from combining into larger particulates to settle. Thus, some chemical and physical techniques are applied to help them settle. The phenomenon is known as coagulation. To assist in the removal of colloidal particles from suspension, chemical flocculation is required. The process water will then enter a flocculation chamber, where further chemicals may be added depending upon the raw water characteristics and the level of treatment to be achieved. Gentle mixing during this stage allows particles to agglomerate and form settleable flocs. Starch and multiply charged ions are often used. The dirty water is cleaned by treating with alum, Al2(SO4)3.12 H2O, and lime, Ca(OH)2. These electrolytes cause the pH of the water to change due to the following reactions: Al2(SO4)3.12 H2O, -> Al(aq)3+ + 3 SO4(aq)2- + 12 H2O SO4(aq)2- + H2O -> HSO4(aq)- + OH- (causing pH change) Ca(OH)2 -> Ca(aq)2+ + 2 OH- (causing pH change) The slightly basic water causes Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3 and Fe(OH)2 to precipitate, bringing the small particulates called flocs with them and the water becomes clear. Flocculation usually follows by sedimentation, the heavy floc particles settle to the bottom of treatment tanks, allowing for their separation from the water. It works best with relatively dense particles (e.g. silt and minerals), while flotation works better for lighter particles (e.g. algae, color). A big settling tank is needed so that it takes a long time to get through. Inlets and outlets are designed so the water moves slowly in the tank. Long and narrow channels are installed to let the water to snake its way through the tank. The settled particles, sludge, must occasionally be removed from the tanks. The water is next ready to be filtered. Sedimentation is used in pre-treatment and wastewater treatment. Thermal Distillation and Electrodialysis In the process of desalination, after the reverse osmosis, it comes to the thermal distillation process. Heat is used in the thermal distillation for desalination. It boils the salt water to causes the water to vaporize, at the same time, the salt is left behind. Most of the salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). After that, the vapor will moves to a second container to condensed and collected. The boiling process of water uses up a lot of fuel to make the salt water to vaporize so many alternative processes can be considered. These processes are called multistage flash distillation (MSF), multiple effect distillation (MED), and mechanical vapor compression distillation (MVC). All these process can reduce the energy that used to boil the water with reducing the waters boiling point by decreasing the waters vapor pressure. The mechanical vapor compression distillation (MVC) is a process which evaporates the sea or saline water is derived by the heat application delivered by compressed vapor. This process able to increase generate additional amount of vapor by using the latent heat during the condensation when the vapors compression increases both of the temperature and pressure of the vapor. The multistage flash distillation is a thermal process with the low temperature of obtaining fresh water by recovering the vapor of boiling sea water in a sequence of vessels, (called effects) each maintained at a lower temperature than the last. Due to the boiling point of the water reduced as the pressure reduced, the heat energy of the vapor boiled off from one vessel is able to heat the another vessel thus only the first vessel require the heat energy from other source to heat up the sea water. Furthermore, another process of desalination process is electrodialysis that used to separate the other ions and water ions by relying on the salt ions electrical charge. In this process, the water is pre-treated by reverse osmosis thermal distillation hence then transfer to a membrane stack. Two electrodes, a positive electrode located on one side of the stack and a negative one on the other, an electrical current is conducted through the water. The ions are attracted to the oppositely charged electrodes and flow through membranes that are designed to trap either the negatively charged ions (anions) or positively charged ions (cations). Once the ions are trapped, fresh water will filtered out. Filtration Water filtration improves the overall taste of tap water, appearance and smell. Water filters are design to remove several harmful chemicals found in drinking water. At the moment, there is no better way to make sure that the water you are drinking is clean. Compare the differences between a glass of tap water and bottled water. You will realize that tap water is cloudy and it smells like bleach. There are four stages involved in water purification process: 1. Pre-Filtration -Prevents large debris from entering the System 2. Sediment Filtration 5.0 Micron Sediment Filtration 3. Carbon Block Filtration Chemical removal and 0.5 Micron Filtration 4. Ultraviolet Treatment 99.9999% Elimination of Bacteria / Virus Ultraviolet exposure of 16,000 mw/cm2 or greater Pre-filtration is the first process of water filtration, it screens the water source starting from the point of entry. These pre-filter screens are connected to the inlet hose. This is important in preventing the filtration system that turns out to be plugged with rocks, faeces, mud and other large debris. Sediment Filtration is the second stage. In this stage, the water will pass through a sediment filter. In the sediment filter it gives five micron filtration and it expands the life of the carbon filter by eliminating invisible sediments that will impulsively block the filter. Sediment filtration would include the removal of dirt, mud, sand, scale, silt and other suspended solids in the water. Carbon block filtration is the third stage of the filtration process. This process has two different processes. The first process is called mechanical straining, carbon is compressed into a solid block of material. Each molecule of water is pushed through the microscopic pores of carbon that strain out substances efficiently. The second is called chemical bonding, it uses an activated carbon which has a trivial electro positive charge added to it, making bonding agents to impurities and chemicals even more attractive. When the water is pushed through the solid carbon block, it is forced to slow down and the increased quantity of contact time with carbon allows the carbon bonding to take place. The final stage of the filtration process is the ultraviolet treatment. After the water is cleaned by the carbon filter, the next step is to expose it to an extreme dosage of UV light. The UV light it produced will destroy microorganisms by changing their DNA structure. Aeration and Disinfection Aeration is a water treatment process where water is brought into the contact with oxygen. This is to increase the oxygen content in the water, to reduce the carbon dioxide content in the water, and to remove organic compounds such as methane, hydrogen sulphide and other volatile which is responsible for taste and odour of water. These will result in good drinking pure water. High iron and manganese content in water will cause a bitter taste. Aeration is widely used for the treatment of high iron and manganese contaminants water to convert the dissolved ferrous and manganese compounds into insoluble ferric and manganese hydroxides. These can be removed by sedimentation or filtration process. There are many instruments and systems designed to aerate wastewater. These range from simple floating splashes and rotors to high-maintenance diffused air systems using membranes and complex man folding and piping layouts. These systems are designed to inject oxygen to every part of the water. The end result is better than water treatment with higher removal rates of microorganism contamination. Disinfection is an important step in ensuring that water is safe to drink, and limiting the effects of organic materials, suspended solids and other contaminants. It destroys microorganisms that can cause disease in humans. Primary methods of disinfection are chlorination, chloramines, ozone, and ultraviolet light. Other methods include chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, and nano filtration. Since certain forms of chlorine react with organic material naturally present in many water sources to form harmful chemical by-products. Common industrial method of disinfection is chlorination, where the chlorine gas is released to mix with water. The mixing and contact time must be provided after an injection to ensure complete disinfection of pathogens and other microorganism. Thus it kills microorganisms and it may be necessary to control the pH of the water. One chlorination had been done, the water will be finalized by some tests to make sure the water is neutral, clean and pure. Finally the water will be send to storage for the domestic, industrial, and commercial uses. Role of Chemical Engineer in the Water Treatment Industry Basically the role of a chemical engineer in a water treatment industry is mainly referring to the technical skills that the chemical engineers obtained because chemical engineers have to conduct the water treatment processes in the industry. Firstly, we talk about the role of chemical engineers before the process and industrial plant in the water treatment industry is formed. For a chemical engineer, the first mission has to do will be understood about the requirements of the water treatment industry to conduct a process with a specific industrial plant. For our case, the chemical engineer must know how to conduct a process of water purification to product drinking water. Chemical engineers must able to design an industrial plant which consists of different types of components to complete the process and get the desired product. The components that might involve in the plant are compressor, mixer, cooler, filter (separator). Furthermore, whether designing the plant, chemical engineer also may concerns about the chemical substances used within the process in the plant. The chemical substances added into the water along the process must not be harmful to consumers due to the water as output is the drinking water for human to consume. Some more, the costs for the substances and material used to build the plant and those components inside it must be save up to the lowest. Chemical engineers need to save the cost for the company and also form the product which is the drinking water with the highest efficiency. Besides that, chemical engineer has to evaluate the chemical process technology and equipment which suitable in the plant. The most important role of chemical engineer in this industry is determining the production specification. Once the plant completely designed, the most essential job that needs the chemical engineer to accomplish is establish and conduct quality control programs, operating procedures and control strategies to ensure consistency and adherence to standards for raw materials, products and waste products or emissions. When the process is running, there also something necessary for chemical engineer to provide checking for the plant and make a suitable maintenance on the processing units. Thus, chemical engineer is playing a very important character in the water treatment industry. Skills/Knowledge required by Engineer As an engineer, there are many skill and knowledge required to smoothen the task that have to conduct by engineer. The skill and knowledge required by engineer can be categories into six parts which are technical skill, computer literacy, communication skill, management/finance, international awareness and respect for diversity. Engineer requires the technical skill and knowledge to conduct and control the processing units in the plant. The technical skill is about the mathematics, chemistry, physics, mechanical and electrical knowledge. In the water industry, chemical engineers refer to separating dangerous materials from good water as a treatment train. At various stages in the multistage treatment process, unwanted constituents are separated using vacuum or pressure filtration, centrifugation, membrane-based separation, distillation, carbon-based and zeolite-based adsorption and advanced oxidation treatments Computers are used every day for communications, simulations, budgeting, monitoring controls and word processing hence the computer literacy is very important to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the simulations and assumption that did by chemical engineers. Before chemical engineers design a plant, they have to do some simulation by using some professional programs or software in the computer such as Aspen Technology Programs. Engineering involves working with others and communicating but not only deal with machines so that others able to understand and support the idea provided individually. Consequently, communication skill also must be trained by chemical engineers. When the time chemical engineers present their project or proposal, the others who listening and watching able to fully disgust what are the points and idea about. Management and finance are always the necessary knowledge for everyone in the society including engineers. Many decisions an engineer makes have business consequences. Understanding the business principle can help engineers become more effective. In finance aspect, chemical engineers require to know clearly how to manage a team because engineers can be leaders which work together with others. For the engineers, they are working in a global market requires an understanding of cultural, geographic, economics and environmental factors that influence the decision which made by engineers. International awareness means chemical engineers have to be caution with all the response and effect from the market around us. Lastly the respect for diversity, engineers regularly work in group setting so being able to interact effectively, professionally and respectfully with others will make you a more capable team player. A good engineer team leader must respect all the colleagues so that everyone can work together without any conflict. Conclusion In a conclusion Water treatment is an important processs in our modern life, due to the lack of natural fresh water and increase in population. Many new technology method has been introduce to water treatment industry nowdays. The raw sea water have to go through a certain number of processes strating with either reverse osmosis or thermal distillation to make it usable. Besides this two processes, an electrodialysis process method can also be used. A further water treament process need to be done to make it drinkable, the processes consist of coagulation method, followed by flocculation and sendimentation. A further filtration process is done and finally aeration and disinfection process will take palce before the water is kept in a storage. This processes can be used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminant s in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. One such use is returning water that has been used back into the natural environment without adverse ecological impact.

John F. Kennedy Essay -- essays research papers

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, into one of the wealthiest families in the United States. Universally called "JFK," he became a millionaire at the age of 21 when his father gave him one million dollars, but politics and sports were of much more importance to him. He loved touch football, tennis, golf, sailing, and swimming. JFK attended Princeton University and Harvard, graduating from there cum laude. He attended Stanford University business school before serving in the U.S. Navy. He was a naval hero during World War 11 when his PT boat was cut in half and he helped to save the lives of his crew. Returning after the war, he was elected to Congress in 1946 and to the Senate in 1948 and was popular, well-liked, and handsome. He had a fine sense of humor and was a good orator. On September 12, l953, JFK married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier. They had three children, but one, Patrick, born during Kennedy's term of office, died in infancy. JFK gained national prominence when he gave the keynote address at the 1956 Democratic National Convention. In 1960, when the Democrats nominated JFK over Lyndon Baines Johnson, Kennedy asked Johnson to be his Vice President. Kennedy and his opponent, incumbent Vice President Richard M. Nixon, ushered in a new era with a series of four televised Presidential debates. In November 1960, JFK became the youngest man ever elected President. (Theodore Roosevelt was 42 when he took over after McKinley's ...